Python 運算符

什么是運算符？

本章節主要說明Python的運算符。舉個簡單的例子 4 +5 = 9 。例子中，4和5被稱為操作數，"+"號為運算符。

Python語言支持以下類型的運算符:

算術運算符
比較（關系）運算符
賦值運算符
邏輯運算符
位運算符
成員運算符
身份運算符
運算符優先級

接下來讓我們一個個來學習Python的運算符。

Python算術運算符

以下假設變量a為10，變量b為20：

運算符	描述	實例
+	加 - 兩個對象相加	a + b 輸出結果 30
-	減 - 得到負數或是一個數減去另一個數	a - b 輸出結果 -10
*	乘 - 兩個數相乘或是返回一個被重復若干次的字符串	a * b 輸出結果 200
/	除 - x除以y	b / a 輸出結果 2
%	取模 - 返回除法的余數	b % a 輸出結果 0
**	冪 - 返回x的y次冪	a**b 為10的20次方，輸出結果 100000000000000000000
//	取整除 - 返回商的整數部分	9//2 輸出結果 4 , 9.0//2.0 輸出結果 4.0

以下實例演示了Python所有算術運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 21
b = 10
c = 0

c = a + b
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c

c = a - b
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c 

c = a * b
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c 

c = a / b
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c 

c = a % b
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c

a = 2
b = 3
c = a**b 
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

a = 10
b = 5
c = a//b 
print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 11
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
Line 4 - Value of c is 2
Line 5 - Value of c is 1
Line 6 - Value of c is 8
Line 7 - Value of c is 2

Python比較運算符

以下假設變量a為10，變量b為20：

運算符	描述	實例
==	等于 - 比較對象是否相等	(a == b) 返回 False。
!=	不等于 - 比較兩個對象是否不相等	(a != b) 返回 true.
<>	不等于 - 比較兩個對象是否不相等	(a <> b) 返回 true。這個運算符類似 != 。
>	大于 - 返回x是否大于y	(a > b) 返回 False。
<	小于 - 返回x是否小于y。所有比較運算符返回1表示真，返回0表示假。這分別與特殊的變量True和False等價。注意，這些變量名的大寫。	(a < b) 返回 true。
>=	大于等于 - 返回x是否大于等于y。	(a >= b) 返回 False。
<=	小于等于 - 返回x是否小于等于y。	(a <= b) 返回 true。

以下實例演示了Python所有比較運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 21
b = 10
c = 0

if ( a == b ):
   print "Line 1 - a is equal to b"
else:
   print "Line 1 - a is not equal to b"

if ( a != b ):
   print "Line 2 - a is not equal to b"
else:
   print "Line 2 - a is equal to b"

if ( a <> b ):
   print "Line 3 - a is not equal to b"
else:
   print "Line 3 - a is equal to b"

if ( a < b ):
   print "Line 4 - a is less than b" 
else:
   print "Line 4 - a is not less than b"

if ( a > b ):
   print "Line 5 - a is greater than b"
else:
   print "Line 5 - a is not greater than b"

a = 5;
b = 20;
if ( a <= b ):
   print "Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to  b"
else:
   print "Line 6 - a is neither less than nor equal to  b"

if ( b >= a ):
   print "Line 7 - b is either greater than  or equal to b"
else:
   print "Line 7 - b is neither greater than  nor equal to b"

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not equal to b
Line 3 - a is not equal to b
Line 4 - a is not less than b
Line 5 - a is greater than b
Line 6 - a is either less than or equal to b
Line 7 - b is either greater than or equal to b

Python賦值運算符

以下假設變量a為10，變量b為20：

運算符	描述	實例
=	簡單的賦值運算符	c = a + b 將 a + b 的運算結果賦值為 c
+=	加法賦值運算符	c += a 等效于 c = c + a
-=	減法賦值運算符	c -= a 等效于 c = c - a
*=	乘法賦值運算符	c = a 等效于 c = c a
/=	除法賦值運算符	c /= a 等效于 c = c / a
%=	取模賦值運算符	c %= a 等效于 c = c % a
**=	冪賦值運算符	c = a 等效于 c = c a
//=	取整除賦值運算符	c //= a 等效于 c = c // a

以下實例演示了Python所有賦值運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 21
b = 10
c = 0

c = a + b
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c

c += a
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c 

c *= a
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c 

c /= a 
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c 

c  = 2
c %= a
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c

c **= a
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

c //= a
print "Line 7 - Value of c is ", c

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - Value of c is 31
Line 2 - Value of c is 52
Line 3 - Value of c is 1092
Line 4 - Value of c is 52
Line 5 - Value of c is 2
Line 6 - Value of c is 2097152
Line 7 - Value of c is 99864

Python位運算符

按位運算符是把數字看作二進制來進行計算的。Python中的按位運算法則如下：

運算符	描述	實例
&	按位與運算符	(a & b) 輸出結果 12 ，二進制解釋： 0000 1100
\|	按位或運算符	(a \| b) 輸出結果 61 ，二進制解釋： 0011 1101
^	按位異或運算符	(a ^ b) 輸出結果 49 ，二進制解釋： 0011 0001
~	按位取反運算符	(~a ) 輸出結果 -61 ，二進制解釋： 1100 0011，在一個有符號二進制數的補碼形式。
<<	左移動運算符	a << 2 輸出結果 240 ，二進制解釋： 1111 0000
>>	右移動運算符	a >> 2 輸出結果 15 ，二進制解釋： 0000 1111

以下實例演示了Python所有位運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 60            # 60 = 0011 1100 
b = 13            # 13 = 0000 1101 
c = 0

c = a & b;        # 12 = 0000 1100
print "Line 1 - Value of c is ", c

c = a | b;        # 61 = 0011 1101 
print "Line 2 - Value of c is ", c

c = a ^ b;        # 49 = 0011 0001
print "Line 3 - Value of c is ", c

c = ~a;           # -61 = 1100 0011
print "Line 4 - Value of c is ", c

c = a << 2;       # 240 = 1111 0000
print "Line 5 - Value of c is ", c

c = a >> 2;       # 15 = 0000 1111
print "Line 6 - Value of c is ", c

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15

Python邏輯運算符

Python語言支持邏輯運算符，以下假設變量a為10，變量b為20：

運算符	描述	實例
and	布爾"與" - 如果x為False，x and y返回False，否則它返回y的計算值。	(a and b) 返回 true。
or	布爾"或" - 如果x是True，它返回True，否則它返回y的計算值。	(a or b) 返回 true。
not	布爾"非" - 如果x為True，返回False。如果x為False，它返回True。	not(a and b) 返回 false。

以下實例演示了Python所有邏輯運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 10
b = 20
c = 0

if ( a and b ):
   print "Line 1 - a and b are true"
else:
   print "Line 1 - Either a is not true or b is not true"

if ( a or b ):
   print "Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true"
else:
   print "Line 2 - Neither a is true nor b is true"


a = 0
if ( a and b ):
   print "Line 3 - a and b are true"
else:
   print "Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true"

if ( a or b ):
   print "Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true"
else:
   print "Line 4 - Neither a is true nor b is true"

if not( a and b ):
   print "Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is  not true or both are not true"
else:
   print "Line 5 - a and b are true"

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - a and b are true
Line 2 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true
Line 3 - Either a is not true or b is not true
Line 4 - Either a is true or b is true or both are true
Line 5 - Either a is not true or b is  not true or both are not true

Python成員運算符

除了以上的一些運算符之外，Python還支持成員運算符，測試實例中包含了一系列的成員，包括字符串，列表或元組。

運算符	描述	實例
in	如果在指定的序列中找到值返回True，否則返回False。	x 在 y序列中 , 如果x在y序列中返回True。
not in	如果在指定的序列中沒有找到值返回True，否則返回False。	x 不在 y序列中 , 如果x不在y序列中返回True。

以下實例演示了Python所有成員運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 10
b = 20
list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ];

if ( a in list ):
   print "Line 1 - a is available in the given list"
else:
   print "Line 1 - a is not available in the given list"

if ( b not in list ):
   print "Line 2 - b is not available in the given list"
else:
   print "Line 2 - b is available in the given list"

a = 2
if ( a in list ):
   print "Line 3 - a is available in the given list"
else:
   print "Line 3 - a is not available in the given list"

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - a is not available in the given list
Line 2 - b is not available in the given list
Line 3 - a is available in the given list

Python身份運算符

身份運算符用于比較兩個對象的存儲單元

運算符	描述	實例
is	is是判斷兩個標識符是不是引用自一個對象	x is y, 如果 id(x) 等于 id(y) , is 返回結果 1
is not	is not是判斷兩個標識符是不是引用自不同對象	x is not y, 如果 id(x) 不等于 id(y). is not 返回結果 1

以下實例演示了Python所有身份運算符的操作：

#!/usr/bin/python

a = 20
b = 20

if ( a is b ):
   print "Line 1 - a and b have same identity"
else:
   print "Line 1 - a and b do not have same identity"

if ( id(a) == id(b) ):
   print "Line 2 - a and b have same identity"
else:
   print "Line 2 - a and b do not have same identity"

b = 30
if ( a is b ):
   print "Line 3 - a and b have same identity"
else:
   print "Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity"

if ( a is not b ):
   print "Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity"
else:
   print "Line 4 - a and b have same identity"

以上實例輸出結果：

Line 1 - a and b have same identity
Line 2 - a and b have same identity
Line 3 - a and b do not have same identity
Line 4 - a and b do not have same identity